What is Endometriosis?
Understanding the condition that affects 1 in 10 women worldwide.
Definition
Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This misplaced tissue can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, outer surface of the uterus, pelvic lining, and in rare cases, beyond the pelvic region.
During each menstrual cycle, this tissue responds to hormonal changes just like the uterine lining - it thickens, breaks down, and bleeds. However, unlike menstrual blood that exits through the vagina, this blood has no way to leave the body, leading to inflammation, pain, and scar tissue formation.
Key Facts
- •Affects approximately 10% (190 million) of women and girls of reproductive age globally
- •Can cause severe pain, especially during menstruation
- •Associated with 30-50% of infertility cases
- •Symptoms typically begin in early reproductive years
- •Diagnosis often delayed by 7-10 years from symptom onset
How Does Endometriosis Develop?
While the exact cause remains unknown, several theories explain how endometriosis develops:
1. Retrograde Menstruation
Menstrual blood flows backward through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity instead of leaving the body. Endometrial cells attach to pelvic organs and grow.
2. Cellular Metaplasia
Cells outside the uterus transform into endometrial-like cells, possibly triggered by hormones or immune factors.
3. Stem Cell Theory
Stem cells travel through blood or lymphatic vessels and develop into endometrial tissue in other locations.
4. Immune System Dysfunction
A weakened immune system fails to recognize and destroy endometrial-like tissue growing outside the uterus.
Common Locations
Endometriosis most commonly affects:
Types of Endometriosis
Superficial Peritoneal Endometriosis
The most common type. Lesions appear on the peritoneum (pelvic lining).
Ovarian Endometriomas (Chocolate Cysts)
Dark, blood-filled cysts on the ovaries. Can affect fertility and require surgical removal.
Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis (DIE)
Lesions penetrate more than 5mm into organs. Most severe form, often affecting bowel, bladder, or rectovaginal septum.
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